Quoted from John Marvin Minsky:

Minds are simply what brains do.

Quoted from Joseph Brodsky:

The real History of consciousness starts with the first one’s first lie.

… One view is that philosophy is a kind of halfway house for questions that have not yet yielded to the scientific method.

When discussing consciousness, it becomes very easy to slip into considering the observable  and measurable attributes that we associate with being conscious, but this approach misses the very essence of the idea.

I just mentioned the concept of metacognition – the idea of thinking about thinking – as one such correlate of consciousness.

My own view, which is perhaps a subschool of panprotopsychism, is that consciousness is an emergent property of a complex physical system.

In this view a dog is also conscious but somewhat less than a human.

Quoted from Roger Sperry:

Before brains there was no color or sound in the universe, nor was there any flavor or aroma and probably little sense and no feeling or emotion.

… Western and Eastern perspectives on the nature of consciousness and of reality.

In the Western perspective, we start with a physical world that evolves patterns of information.

After a few billion years of evolution, the entities in that world have evolved sufficiently to become aware conscious beings.

In Eastern view, consciousness is the fundamental reality; the physical world only comes into existence through the thought of conscious beings.

These are of course simplifications of complex and diverse philosophies, but they represent the principal polarities in the philosophies of consciousness and its relationship to the physical world.

Quoted from John Allman:

Brains exist because the distribution of resources necessary for survival and the hazards that threaten survival vary in space and time.

Quoted from John Von Neumann:

In mathematics, you don’t understand things. You just get used to them.

The issue of whether or not the computer and the human brain are at some level equivalent remains controversial today… Computers are not word processors. It is true that a computer and a word processor exist at different conceptual levels, but a computer can become a word processor if it is running word processing software and not otherwise.

Similarly, a computer can become a brain if it is running brain software. That is what researchers including myself are attempting to do.

The question, then, is whether or not we are can find an algorithm that would turn a computer into an entity that is equivalent to a human brain.

There is actually one genuine forerunner to Von Neumann’s concept, and it comes from a full century earlier!

English mathematician and inventor Charles  Babbage’s (1791 – 1871) Analytical Engine, which he first described in 1837, did incorporate von Neumann’s ideas and featured a stored program via punched cards borrowed from the Jacquard loom.

Von Neumann applied the concept of the universality of computation to conclude that even though the architecture and building blocks appear to be radically different between brain and computer, we can nonetheless conclude that a von Neumann machine can simulate the processing in a brain.  The converse does not hold. 

Clearly part of what we regard as aptitude is the product of nurture, that is to say, the influences of environment and other people. Mozart was born into a musical family… There is clearly a nature component as well.

Neocortical abilities: for example, the ability of the neocortex to master the signals of fear that amygdala generates (when presented with disapproval)

There are other skills that contribute to degrees of competency, whether of the routine variety or of the legendary genius.

Neocortical abilities play a significant role, as do attributes such as confidence, organizational skills, and the ability to influence others.

A key aspect of creativity is the process of finding great metaphors. Symbols that represent something else.

The neocortex is a great metaphor machine, which accounts for why we are a uniquely creative species.

Every one of the approximately 300 million pattern recognizers in our neocortex is recognizing and defining a pattern and giving it a name, which in the case of the neocortical pattern modules in simply the axon emerging from the pattern recognizer that will fire when the pattern is found.

That symbol in turn then becomes part of another pattern. Each of these patterns is essentially a metaphor.

The recognizers can fire up to 100 times a second, so we have the potential of recognizing up to 30 billion metaphors a second.

Of course not every module is firing in every cycle. But it is fair to say that we are indeed recognizing millions of metaphors a second.

One approach to expand the available neocortex is through the collaboration of multiple humans… the next step, of course, will be to expand the neocortex itself with its nonbiological equivalent.

This will be our ultimate act of creativity to create the capability of being creative.

… intelligence is capable of transcending natural limitations, and of transforming the world in its own image.

In human hands, our intelligence has enabled us to overcome the restrictions of our biological heritage and to change ourselves in the process. We are the only species that does this.

The story of human intelligence starts with a universe that is capable of encoding information.

This was the enabling factor that allowed evolution to take place.

The mammalian brain has a distinct aptitude not found in any other class of animal.
We are capable of hierarchical thinking, of understanding a structure composed of diverse elements arranged in a pattern, representing that arrangement with a symbol, and then using that symbol as an element in a yet more elaborate configuration.

The primary idea in my three previous books on technology is that an evolutionary process inherently accelerates (as a result of its increasing levels of abstraction) and that its products grow exponentially in complexity and capability.

I call this phenomenon the law of accelerating returns (LOAR), and it pertains to both biological and technological evolution.